????? ?????? ???????

???????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? 70 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????()? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? 0,5 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? “??????? ??????? ??????”. ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????.

???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? (??? 80 ?? ??????) ????? ?????? ?? ???? 100 ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (??? 3,5 ?????? ???)(). ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?

???????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????

???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (2007)() ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1850 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? 0,8 ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? 280 ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? 388 ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 2,5 – 4,7 ???? ????? ?? ??? 2100 ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????().

???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???

???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????(). ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 0,18 ??? 0,79 ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????().

???????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????

???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????.

???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? (???????) ???????? ???. ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ????????) ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????.

???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????

???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????(). ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? 50 ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????()(). ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????)? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????(). ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????()().

???????????????? ?? ?? ?????????

???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????: ?????? ????????(). ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????() ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????().

???????????????? ????????

???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????().

???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (parrotfish) ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????.

???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????.

???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????.

?

??? ([1]) .

??? ([2]) .

??? ([3]) ipcc (ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html).

??? ([4]) The Royal Society, “Climate change: A Summary of the Science”, September 2010, p. 16. .climate-change-summary-science/

??? ([5]) Przeslawski, R. et al. (2008). “Beyond Corals and Fish: The Effects of Climate Change on Non-coral Benthic Invertebrates of Tropical Reefs”, Global Change Biology (2008) 14, 2773–2795, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01693.x.

??? ([6]) IPCC (ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html).

??? ([7]) Jackson, J. 2012. “The Future of Coral and Coral Reefs in a Rapidly Changing World”, International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.

??? ([8]) C. Wilkinson? (ed.)? (2004).? “Status? of? Coral? Reefs? of? the? World:? 2004”, Vol. 1 and 2. Australian Institute of Marine science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.

??? ([9]) Wilkinson, C., Souter, D. (eds.) (2008). “Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005”, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, p. 152.

? ([10]) Sweatman, H. et al. (2011). “Assessing loss of coral cover on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef over two decades, with implications for longer-term trends”, Coral reefs (2011) 30:521-531. DOI 10.1007/s00338-010-0715-1.

? ([11]) Gardner et al. (2003). “Long-term region-wide decline in Caribbean Corals”, Science 301:958-960.

? ([12]) Jackson, J. (2012). “the future of coral and coral reefs in a rapidly changing world”, international coral reef symposium, cairns, australia, 9-13 July 2012.

? ([13]) Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2012). “Coral reefs and global change: where do the solutions lie?”, International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.

? ([14]) Hughes, T. et al. (2003). “climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs science”, 301, 929 (2003). doi: 10.1126/science.1085046.

? ([15]) Lowe,? J. a.;? et al. (2009).?? “how? difficult is it to recover from dangerous? levels? of? global? warming?”? environmental? research?? letters?? 4:014012. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014012.

? ([16]) Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2012). “Coral Reefs and Global Change: Where do the solutions lie?”, International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia,9-13 July 2012.

?????????????????