̽»¨¾«Ñ¡

§¦§£§²§¦§ª §¨§ª§­§ª §£ §¦§£§²§°§±§¦ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ï§ä§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ö §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§Ú §Ý§Ö§ä §Ü §ä§à§Þ§å §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ó 1933 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ü §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ú §¤§Ú§ä§Ý§Ö§â §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ñ. §¦§Ó§â§Ö§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Þ§Ú: §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ò§à§Ø§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú; §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ò§Ö§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú, §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü §â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§Þ§å §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§å, §ä§â§Ö§ä§î§Ú ¨C §Ü §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ§å §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§å, §ß§à §à§ß§Ú §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§Ó§à§ð §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú, §á§à§á§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §ã§Ö§ä§Ú, §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §¬ 1945 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ê§Ö§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü ¨C §Õ§Ó§Ö §ä§â§Ö§ä§Ú §Õ§à§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í ¨C §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§í, §Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ú §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ö, §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Û, §Ò§í§Ý §ß§Ñ§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß §ß§Ö§á§à§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Þ§í§Û §å§â§à§ß. §´§Ñ §Ø§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §á§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ß§í §â§à§Þ§Ñ §Ú §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§ã§ä§í §á§â§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ú§Ó §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 500 000 §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü ¨C §é§Ö§ä§Ó§Ö§â§ä§î §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §â§à§Þ§Ñ §Ú §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ú, §á§â§à§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §Ó §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö.

 §¯§¡ §¿§´§ª§· §±§²§¦§¥§£§°§¦§¯§¯§½§· §¶§°§´§°§¤§²§¡§¶§ª§Á§·, §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó §¡§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ú§Ú, §¢§Ö§Ý§î§Ô§Ú§Ú, §£§Ö§ß§Ô§â§Ú§Ú, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, §¤§â§Ö§è§Ú§Ú, §ª§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§ç, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö, §²§å§Þ§í§ß§Ú§Ú, §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §¹§Ö§ç§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §À§Ô§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§ã§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ §Ú §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ß§å§ß§Ö §·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ñ.

1 of 36
§¶§Ñ§ß§ñ §º§Ó§Ñ§â§è§Þ§Ñ§ß §ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Þ§à§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ§ç §ß§Ñ§Õ §â§Ö§Ü§à§Û ?§Ó §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ê§Ö, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 4 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1938 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #96082. Courtesy of Lola Peres. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

2 of 36
§³§Ö§Þ§î§ñ §¬§Ñ§á§Ý§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ §à§ä§Õ§í§ç§Ö §Ó §¬§å§Ý§Ñ§å§ä§å§Ó§Ö, §Ó§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú §¬§Ñ§å§ß§Ñ§ã§Ñ, §­§Ú§ä§Ó§Ñ, 1933 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #78550. Courtesy of Shalom Eilati. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

3 of 36
§£§à§ã§á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ ?§¢§Ö§Û§ä-§¡§ç§Ñ§Ó§Ñ? §ß§Ñ §å§â§à§Ü§Ö, §¢§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1922¨C1930 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #48873. Courtesy of Ayelet Bargur. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

4 of 36
§¶§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ §¢§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ö (§Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§ñ§ñ §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ) §ã §Õ§â§å§Ù§î§ñ§Þ§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Ó§à§Û§ß§à§Û,? §¡§Þ§ã§ä§Ö§â§Õ§Ñ§Þ, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§í.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #48753. Courtesy of Frieda Belinfante. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

5 of 36
§¹§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ú §¬§à§â§ß§ç§Ñ§å§Ù§Ö§â §ß§Ñ §á§Ý§ñ§Ø§Ö §å §à§Ù§Ö§â§Ñ §¢§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ä§à§ß §á§à§Õ §¢§å§Õ§Ñ§á§Ö§ê§ä§à§Þ, §£§Ö§ß§Ô§â§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1929¨C1930 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #14670. Courtesy of George Pick. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

6 of 36
§¬§å§â§ä §Ú §·§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §­§Ú§Ò§Ö§ß§Ñ§å §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ö §Ó §¢§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß§Ö, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, 1937 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #44600. Courtesy of Gerald Liebenau. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

7 of 36
§¥§Ó§à§ð§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ò§â§Ñ§ä§î§ñ §Ú §ã§Ö§ã§ä§â§í §Ú§Ù §ã§Ö§Þ§Ö§Û §º§á§Ú§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ú §£§Ñ§Û§ã§ã §Ü§à§â§Þ§ñ§ä §Ô§à§Ý§å§Ò§Ö§Û, §®§Ñ§Ñ§ã§ä§â§Ú§ç§ä, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§í, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1938¨C1939 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #74701. Courtesy of Spielman and Hudes Families. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

8 of 36
§¹§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ç§à§Ü§Ü§Ö§Û§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§á§à§â§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ý§å§Ò§Ñ, §·§Ñ§Ô§Ú§Ò§à§â, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §¹§Ö§ç§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à 1925-1930 §Ô§à§Õ§í. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #65440. Courtesy of Andrea Renner. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

9 of 36
§¤§â§Ö§ä§Ñ §º§ä§×§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§â §¿§ß§Ô§Ö§Ý§î §ã§à §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §Ü§à§ß§Ö§Þ, §¡§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1920¨C1930 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #42064. Courtesy of Katie Altenberg. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

10 of 36
§¹§Ý§Ö§ß§í §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§à§Ù§ß§à§Û §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ß§í §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ§ç, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1930¨C1939 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #57834. Courtesy Marilka (Mairanz) Ben Naim, Ita (Mairanz) Mond and Tuvia Mairanz, Source Record ID: Collections: 2005.218.1 Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

11 of 36
§¦§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§ß§í§Û §Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§î §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §¢§Ö§Ý§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ö, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §À§Ô§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ñ, 1932 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #25106. Courtesy of Gavra Mandil, Source Record ID: Collections: 2002.158. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

12 of 36
§±§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ê§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ ?§Ò§Ñ§â-§Þ§Ú§è§Ó§Ñ?,?§Ó §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ã§Ö §Ú §ã §Þ§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ, §¢§â§ð§ã§ã§Ö§Ý§î, §¢§Ö§Ý§î§Ô§Ú§ñ. - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #61579. Courtesy of Paul Halter. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

13 of 36
§±§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ú §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ß§í §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§à§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó, §­§à§Õ§Ù§î, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1930¨C1939 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #62512. Courtesy Ceira Gotlib. Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.164. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

14 of 36
§³§à§æ§Ú §¬§Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ú §Ö§Ö §Õ§Ó§à§ð§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ö§ã§ä§â§í-§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§è§í §ã §Ü§å§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §­§î§Ó§à§Ó, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1929¨C1930 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #65589. Courtesy of Dr. Sophie Kimelman-Rosen. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

15 of 36
 §µ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§ñ §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ó§Ö§ß§Ô§Ö§â§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§à§Þ§Ñ, §­§Ú§à§ß, §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1920¨C1930 §Ô§Ô.  - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #33341. Courtesy of Rita Prigmore, Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.226.1 Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

16 of 36
§±§à§Õ§â§à§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ö §±§å§â§Ú§Þ, §¶§â§Ñ§ß§Ü§æ§å§â§ä, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1933¨C1936 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #56413. Courtesy of Walter Wolff. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

17 of 36
§«§à§Ù§Ö§æ §¬§à§ß §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §Ó§ß§å§Ü§Ú §­§Ö§à §Ú §·§Ñ§Ú§Þ §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §´§Ñ§Ý§Þ§å§Õ, ?§¤§Ñ§Þ§Ò§å§â§Ô, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1932¨C1933 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #93800. Courtesy of Noemi Cassutto. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

18 of 36
§®§Ñ§ä§î §Ú §Õ§à§é§î §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç, §¸§Ó§Ú§Ü§Ü§Ñ§å, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1937 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives # 64847. Courtesy of Shoshana Loeb. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

19 of 36
§¤§â§å§á§á§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ö§Ü §ã §Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ô§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§à§Û, §©§Ñ§Þ§à§ã§è§î, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 1933 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #54613. Courtesy of Regina Zavier. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

20 of 36
§¿§Ý§Ý§Ú §Ú §¡§ß§â§Ú §²§à§Õ§â§Ú§Ô§Ö§ã (§Ó§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ö) §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, ?§¡§Þ§ã§ä§Ö§â§Õ§Ñ§Þ, §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§í, 1936 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #96361. Courtesy of Carolyn Stewart. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

21 of 36
§¥§Ó§Ñ §Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ-§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§ñ §Ó §à§ä§á§å§ã§Ü§Ö §Ó §ª§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú, §Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§î 1935 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #17193. Courtesy of Charles & Herma Ellenboghen Barber. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

22 of 36
§µ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§è§í §â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§à§Ù§ß§à§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ö§Ü ?§¢§Ö§Û§ä-§Á§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó? §Ó §Ü§Ñ§â§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ã§ä§ð§Þ§Ñ§ç ?§Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §±§å§â§Ú§Þ, §¬§à§Ý§î§Ò§å§ê§à§Ó§Ñ, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 1938 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #67180. Courtesy of Norman Salsitz, Source Record ID: Collections: 2003.425.1. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

23 of 36
§´§â§Ú §á§Ñ§â§í §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§à§Ó §Ú§Ù §¯§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§à§Ó §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§å§ð§ä §±§å§â§Ú§Þ, 1934 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #05373. Courtesy of Tswi Herschel. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

24 of 36
§®§Ñ§ä§î §Ú §ã§í§ß ¨C §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §¹§Ö§ç§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ñ, 1939 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #47570. Courtesy of Gabriella Reitler Rosberger, Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.7. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

25 of 36
§¹§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö§ç§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Û §¤§Ñ§Ó§â§Ú§Ý §®§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ó§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ? §ã §â§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §ã§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Û, §¯§à§Ó§Ú-§³§Ñ§Õ, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §À§Ô§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ñ, 6 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1940 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #08211. Courtesy of Gavra Mandil Source Record ID: Collections: 2002.158. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

26 of 36
§µ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §ç§Ö§Õ§Ö§â§Ñ §Ó §®§å§Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§Ó§Ö, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §¹§Ö§ç§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ñ, §ß§í§ß§Ö §µ§Ü§â§Ñ§Ú§ß§Ñ, 24 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1938 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #44642. Courtesy of Ruth Cohen. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

27 of 36
§®§Ñ§â§é§Ö§Ý §¤§Ñ§Ý, §ã§Ü§â§Ú§á§Ñ§é-§Ó§å§ß§Õ§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§ß§Õ §Ú§Ù §³§Ú§Ô§Ö§ä§Ñ, §²§å§Þ§í§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1920 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #22680. Courtesy of Mitchell Eisen. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

28 of 36
§¶§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ù §æ§à§ä§à§Ñ§Ý§î§Ò§à§Þ§Ñ §à§Ò §à§Õ§ß§à§Þ §Õ§ß§Ö §Ú§Ù §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ò§â§Ñ§ä§î§Ö§Ó §¤§Ñ§ß§ã? ¨C §¬§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ, §®§Ñ§ß§æ§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ §Ú §´§Ö§à, §¢§à§â§Ü§Ö§ß, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, 1931 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #63108. Courtesy of Manfred Gans Estate. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

29 of 36
§³§Ö§Þ§î§ñ §¶§å§Ò§Ú§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§å §â§Ö§Ü§Ú, §´§å§â§Ú§ß, §ª§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1930¨C1939 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #49040. Courtesy of Franco Fubini. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

30 of 36
§¤§â§å§á§á§à§Ó§à§Û §á§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ §æ§à§â§ä§Ö§á§Ú§Ñ§ß§à §ã §Ú§ç §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ,? §¢§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§à§Ü, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 1935 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #79206. Courtesy of Franco Ewa Kracowska. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

31 of 36
§±§à§â§ä§ß§í§Ö-§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ú §Ó §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §¯§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §£§à§Ý§î§æ§Ñ §­§Ö§Ó§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§é§Ñ, §¢§Ö§ß§Õ§Ù§Ú§ß, §±§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ, 1918 §Ô§à§Õ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #42518. Courtesy of Irving and Lita Berk. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

32 of 36
§³§Ó§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ò§ß§Ñ§ñ §æ§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §®§Ñ§Ô§Õ§í §º§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â §Ú §®§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§ê§Ñ §¢§Ý§Ñ§å§ç§à§â§ß§Ñ, §¯§à§Ó§Ú-§¬§ß§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ó§Ñ§è, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §À§Ô§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1933¨C1934 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #97267. Courtesy of Ivan Singer. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

33 of 36
§¿§â§ß§ã§ä §®§Ñ§ß§ê§ä§Ñ§Û§ß, §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §â§Ú§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û? §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ú§Ú, §£§ð§â§è§Ò§å§â§Ô, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, 14 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1937 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #17389. Courtesy of Martha (Martel Sommer) Hirsch. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

34 of 36
§³§Ö§ã§ä§â§í-§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Û§Ü§Ú, §¢§å§Õ§Ñ§á§Ö§ê§ä, §£§Ö§ß§Ô§â§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1930¨C1935 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #45560. Courtesy of Provenance: Gabor Kalman Source Record ID: Collections: 2001.335. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

35 of 36
§¤§â§å§á§á§Ñ §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§í§ç §Ô§â§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Ö§Ó §å §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ß§Ñ, §³§Ñ§Ý§à§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú,? §¤§â§Ö§è§Ú§ñ, §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 1930-1939 §Ô§Ô.? - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #4248. . Courtesy of Jack Beraha. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

36 of 36
§³§Ö§Þ§î§ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ, §´§Ú§â§Ô§Ñ§â§ä§Ö§ß, §¢§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§ß, §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, 1936 §Ô§à§Õ.? - Bundesarchiv, R 165 Bild-244-59 / Photographer unknown.

 

§·§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ã§ä: 1933-1945 §Ô§à§Õ§í? §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í

§¤§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ